Watch on 7 km between Hedeniya and Galagedara
Around Galagedara, km 13–21.
You reach it about Tue 09:50, 20 min after leaving, and are through it by Tue 10:00.
NBRI’s bulletin is valid until Tue 20:00, so it covers that time.
Since the rainfall within the past 24 hours has exceeded 75mm, if the rain continues, be watchful on the possibility of landslides, slope failures, rock falls, cutting failures and ground subsidence.
- Kandy to Hedeniya
Not listedkm 0–14 - Galagedara
Watchkm 14–21 - Mawathagama to BIA Airport (Katunayake)
Not listedkm 21–114
Watch on 45 km between Kandy and Pasyala
Around Kegalle and Warakapola, km 7–30, km 34–44, km 48–61 and 1 more.
You reach it about Tue 09:40, 10 min after leaving, and are through it by Tue 11:05.
NBRI’s bulletin is valid until Tue 20:00, so it covers that time.
Since the rainfall within the past 24 hours has exceeded 75mm, if the rain continues, be watchful on the possibility of landslides, slope failures, rock falls, cutting failures and ground subsidence.
- Kandy
Not listedkm 0–8 - between Kandy and Kegalle
Watchkm 8–30 - near Kegalle
Not listedkm 30–34 - Kegalle
Watchkm 34–43 - near Kegalle
Not listedkm 43–49 - Warakapola
Watchkm 49–61 - Pasyala to BIA Airport (Katunayake)
Not listedkm 61–109
Watch on 32 km between Kandy and Kegalle
Around Kegalle, km 5–31, km 35–44.
You reach it about Tue 09:40, 10 min after leaving, and are through it by Tue 10:40.
NBRI’s bulletin is valid until Tue 20:00, so it covers that time.
Since the rainfall within the past 24 hours has exceeded 75mm, if the rain continues, be watchful on the possibility of landslides, slope failures, rock falls, cutting failures and ground subsidence.
- Kandy
Not listedkm 0–6 - between Kandy and Kegalle
Watchkm 6–31 - near Kegalle
Not listedkm 31–36 - Kegalle
Watchkm 36–43 - Polgahawela to BIA Airport (Katunayake)
Not listedkm 43–116
Before you go
We don’t know about road closures or damage. Be cautious on the way, especially in the hills in rain.
About the Kandy–BIA Airport (Katunayake) road
The fastest road we know from Kandy to BIA Airport (Katunayake) is 114 km, about 2 h 20 min, via Galagedara, Mawathagama.
Main roads on it: Central Expressway (38 km), Kandy-Kurunegala Road (22 km), Negombo-Mirigama Road (13 km).
We show 3 roads between them, fastest first.
DS divisions on this road
It passes through 15 DS divisions in 3 districts, in travel order:
- Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale
- Harispattuwa
- Thumpane
- Pujapitiya
- Mawathagama
- Mallawapitiya
- Kurunegala
- Weerambugedara
- Polgahawela
- Narammala
- Alawwa
- Mirigama
- Divulapitiya
- Minuwangoda
- Katana
Past NBRI bulletins
Most often listed on this road, in the 41 NBRI bulletins we have passed on since Sun 20 Sept: Thumpane (22), Alawwa (10), Mawathagama (9).
A record of past bulletins, not a forecast. Not being listed doesn’t mean safe.
How to read this
- Not an official service. NBRI’s warnings are passed on as issued.
- Rain levels compare each division with its own satellite record since 2000. Satellites can miss heavy local downpours.
- Gauge sources: Department of Meteorology and Irrigation Department gauge readings, passed on as published. Met gauge sites are approximate. Compared with each division's own satellite record since 2000. This is not a warning and does not replace NBRI's levels. Satellites can miss heavy local downpours, so it never means a road is safe. Satellite data up to 10 Nov, 03:30. Checked Tue 10 Nov, 09:40.
Landslide (NBRI)
×| Warned DS division | Level | From km |
|---|---|---|
| Thumpane | Watch | 14 |
Rain on route
×Moderate rain, up to 18.4 mm in 24 h
Rain gauges near your route
Key
- 2 Katugastota, 1.2 mm, light rain
- 8 Kurunegala, 18.4 mm, moderate rain
- 12 Giriulla, ≥ 39.7 mm, moderate rain or more (incomplete day)
- 15 Badalgama, 6 mm, light rain
- 16 Katunayake, 14.7 mm, moderate rain
11 gauges not reporting.
Gauge coverage: most of the route.
NBRI's warning stays in force after rain eases.
Satellite estimate
- Last 3 days: among the wettest 5% of 3-day periods since 2000 in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Thumpane, Pujapitiya +5.
Rain outlook (computer model) · Next day: Chance of a rare wet day
- Next day: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Thumpane, Pujapitiya +8 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 11 Nov, 05:30)
- Next 3 days: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Thumpane, Pujapitiya +11 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 13 Nov, 05:30)
- "Not signalled" never means dry or safe. This is a computer model, not a warning, and it never changes NBRI's levels. Like the satellite, it reads hill-country rain low and can miss heavy local downpours.
- ECMWF ensemble forecast (open data, CC BY 4.0), run 9 Nov, 17:30, compared with each division's own satellite record.
Weather forecast (Met Dept)
×No advisory for this road
- No Department of Meteorology advisory is in force for Kandy, Kurunegala and Gampaha.
- Forecast issued 10 Nov, 05:30
- Showers or thundershowers will occur at times in the Northern province and in Trincomalee district.
- Showers or thundershowers will occur elsewhere in the island after 1.00 p.m.
- Covers Kandy and Gampaha on this road: Heavy falls above 100mm are likely at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle and Matara districts.
- Showers may occur in the coastal areas of the Southern Province during the morning.
- The general public is kindly requested to take adequate precautions to minimize damage caused by temporary localized strong winds and lightning during thundershowers.
- Covers Kandy, Gampaha and Kurunegala on this road: Misty conditions can be expected at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle, Matara and Kurunegala districts during the early hours of the morning.
- Forecast for the main cities, Tuesday, 10 November 2026 (issued 9 Nov, 16:00)
- Kandy: Showers or thundershowers after 1.00p.m. Max 30°C, min 24°C.
- A forecast never lowers or replaces the NBRI landslide warning above.
- Forecast and advisories by the Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka, as issued. LankaWatch is not an official service.
Rivers and catchments
×Crosses 13 named rivers · 4 basins · rain upstream of Mahaweli Ganga: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Mahaweli Ganga · Deduru Oya · Maha Oya …
River basins along this road
- km 0–15 · Mahaweli Ganga basin
- km 15–31 · Deduru Oya basin
- km 31–36 · Maha Oya basin
- km 36–52 · Deduru Oya basin
- km 52–77 · Maha Oya basin
- km 78–84 · Attanagala Oya basin
- km 84–99 · Maha Oya basin
- km 99–114 · Attanagala Oya basin
Satellite rain over these basins
- Mahaweli Ganga basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Deduru Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Maha Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Attanagala Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
A whole-basin satellite average against that basin’s own record since 2000, not the area upstream of any one point. Satellites under-read hill rain. Not a warning.
Where this road crosses a river or stream
- km 5 · Mahaweli Ganga · flows north
1,194 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Peradeniya, an Irrigation Department gauge 9.7 km upstream (1,143 km² upstream · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)): 16 mm in the 24 hours to 10 Nov, 08:30 (Moderate); 0 mm in the 3 hours to 10 Nov, 09:01.
River level 3.55 m · Below Alert · falling over about 3 hours (Department’s thresholds: Alert 5, minor flood 7, major flood 9 m) - km 17–22 · Dik Oya (Deduru Oya basin) · 4 crossings · flows north-west
2.2 km² drain to this point - km 21 · Narankaha Ela (Deduru Oya basin) · flows south-west
16 km² drain to this point - km 29 · Kaspatu Oya (Deduru Oya basin) · flows north-west
41 km² drain to this point - km 40 · Getuwana Ela (Deduru Oya basin) · flows north
0.3 km² drain to this point - km 42 · Magur Oya (Deduru Oya basin) · flows north-west
1.3 km² drain to this point - km 50 · Rekawa Ela (Deduru Oya basin) · flows west
15 km² drain to this point - km 55–56 · Gondara Ela (Maha Oya basin) · 2 crossings · flows south
4.2 km² drain to this point - km 62–63 · Meda Ela (Maha Oya basin) · 2 crossings · flows north
58 km² drain to this point - km 68 · Midella Ela (Maha Oya basin)
132 km² drain to this point - km 70–71 · Kuda Oya (Maha Oya basin) · 2 crossings · flows south-east
199 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month) - km 74 · Maha Oya · flows north-west
912 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Giriulla, an Irrigation Department gauge 5.8 km downstream (1,145 km² upstream · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)): at least 39.7 mm in the 24 hours to 10 Nov, 08:30 (1 hourly reading missing); 0 mm in the 3 hours to 10 Nov, 09:03.
River level 2.74 m · Below Alert · falling over about 3 hours (Department’s thresholds: Alert 5.5, minor flood 6.5, major flood 7.5 m) - km 91 · Kuda Oya (Maha Oya basin) · flows north
8.1 km² drain to this point - km 111 · Krmbulapitiya Oya (Attanagala Oya basin)
101 km² drain to this point
And 3 more unnamed streams on our map
Where this road runs beside a river
- km 17–18 · beside the Dik Oya
- km 70–71 · beside the Kuda Oya
Rivers and basins come from our own map of Sri Lanka’s river network. Flow direction, where shown, is worked out from the height of the land. This is orientation only, not a flood warning.
The area draining to a crossing is worked out from a terrain model (about 90 m cells) and is approximate. The rain over it is the satellite average for that same area, against its own record since 2000. Areas under about 150 km² are smaller than the satellite can see, so they show no rain.
River levels are the Irrigation Department’s own readings at its gauge, against its own thresholds. This is not a flood warning: flood warnings come from the Irrigation Department and DMC.
Landslide (NBRI)
×| Warned DS division | Level | From km |
|---|---|---|
| Yatinuwara | Watch | 7 |
| Mawanella | Watch | 18 |
| Kegalle | Watch | 34 |
| Warakapola | Watch | 49 |
Rain on route
×Moderate rain, up to 37.4 mm in 24 h
Rain gauges near your route
Key
- 2 Peradeniya, 16 mm, moderate rain
- 13 Dunamale, 37.4 mm, moderate rain
- 14 Katunayake, 14.7 mm, moderate rain
11 gauges not reporting.
Gauge coverage: most of the route.
NBRI's warning stays in force after rain eases.
Satellite estimate
- Last 3 days: among the wettest 5% of 3-day periods since 2000 in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Yatinuwara, Mawanella, Rambukkana +3.
Rain outlook (computer model) · Next day: Chance of a rare wet day
- Next day: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Yatinuwara, Mawanella, Rambukkana +4 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 11 Nov, 05:30)
- Next 3 days: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Yatinuwara, Mawanella, Rambukkana +7 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 13 Nov, 05:30)
- "Not signalled" never means dry or safe. This is a computer model, not a warning, and it never changes NBRI's levels. Like the satellite, it reads hill-country rain low and can miss heavy local downpours.
- ECMWF ensemble forecast (open data, CC BY 4.0), run 9 Nov, 17:30, compared with each division's own satellite record.
Weather forecast (Met Dept)
×No advisory for this road
- No Department of Meteorology advisory is in force for Kandy, Kegalle and Gampaha.
- Forecast issued 10 Nov, 05:30
- Showers or thundershowers will occur at times in the Northern province and in Trincomalee district.
- Showers or thundershowers will occur elsewhere in the island after 1.00 p.m.
- Covers Kegalle, Kandy and Gampaha on this road: Heavy falls above 100mm are likely at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle and Matara districts.
- Showers may occur in the coastal areas of the Southern Province during the morning.
- The general public is kindly requested to take adequate precautions to minimize damage caused by temporary localized strong winds and lightning during thundershowers.
- Covers Kegalle, Kandy and Gampaha on this road: Misty conditions can be expected at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle, Matara and Kurunegala districts during the early hours of the morning.
- Forecast for the main cities, Tuesday, 10 November 2026 (issued 9 Nov, 16:00)
- Kandy: Showers or thundershowers after 1.00p.m. Max 30°C, min 24°C.
- A forecast never lowers or replaces the NBRI landslide warning above.
- Forecast and advisories by the Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka, as issued. LankaWatch is not an official service.
Rivers and catchments
×Crosses 9 named rivers · 3 basins · rain upstream of Mahaweli Ganga: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Mahaweli Ganga · Maha Oya · Attanagala Oya
River basins along this road
- km 0–16 · Mahaweli Ganga basin
- km 16–61 · Maha Oya basin
- km 61–109 · Attanagala Oya basin
Satellite rain over these basins
- Mahaweli Ganga basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Maha Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Attanagala Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
A whole-basin satellite average against that basin’s own record since 2000, not the area upstream of any one point. Satellites under-read hill rain. Not a warning.
Where this road crosses a river or stream
- km 6–7 · Mahaweli Ganga · 2 crossings · flows east
1,152 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Peradeniya, an Irrigation Department gauge 2.6 km upstream (1,143 km² upstream · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)): 16 mm in the 24 hours to 10 Nov, 08:30 (Moderate); 0 mm in the 3 hours to 10 Nov, 09:01.
River level 3.55 m · Below Alert · falling over about 3 hours (Department’s thresholds: Alert 5, minor flood 7, major flood 9 m) - km 10–14 · Nanu Oya (Mahaweli Ganga basin) · 3 crossings · flows south-east
45 km² drain to this point - km 23–24 · Hingul Oya (Maha Oya basin) · 3 crossings · flows west
39 km² drain to this point - km 27 · Maha Oya · flows west
199 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month) - km 47–49 · Galigamuwa Oya (Maha Oya basin) · 2 crossings · flows west
8.5 km² drain to this point - km 50 · Rogala Oya (Maha Oya basin) · flows north-east
3.6 km² drain to this point - km 58–60 · Kuda Oya (Maha Oya basin) · 2 crossings · flows north
54 km² drain to this point - km 71 · Diyaelle Oya (Attanagala Oya basin) · flows north-west
21 km² drain to this point - km 81 · Diyaelle Oya (Attanagala Oya basin) · flows west
103 km² drain to this point - km 98 · Dondugam Oya (Attanagala Oya basin) · flows north
528 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month) - km 102 · Dondugam Oya (Attanagala Oya basin) · flows south
739 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
And 3 more unnamed streams on our map
Where this road runs beside a river
- km 22–24 · beside the Hingul Oya
Rivers and basins come from our own map of Sri Lanka’s river network. Flow direction, where shown, is worked out from the height of the land. This is orientation only, not a flood warning.
The area draining to a crossing is worked out from a terrain model (about 90 m cells) and is approximate. The rain over it is the satellite average for that same area, against its own record since 2000. Areas under about 150 km² are smaller than the satellite can see, so they show no rain.
River levels are the Irrigation Department’s own readings at its gauge, against its own thresholds. This is not a flood warning: flood warnings come from the Irrigation Department and DMC.
Landslide (NBRI)
×| Warned DS division | Level | From km |
|---|---|---|
| Yatinuwara | Watch | 6 |
| Mawanella | Watch | 19 |
| Kegalle | Watch | 36 |
Rain on route
×Moderate rain, up to 16 mm in 24 h
Rain gauges near your route
Key
- 2 Peradeniya, 16 mm, moderate rain
- 12 Giriulla, ≥ 39.7 mm, moderate rain or more (incomplete day)
- 13 Badalgama, 6 mm, light rain
- 14 Katunayake, 14.7 mm, moderate rain
10 gauges not reporting.
Gauge coverage: most of the route.
NBRI's warning stays in force after rain eases.
Satellite estimate
- Last 3 days: among the wettest 5% of 3-day periods since 2000 in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Yatinuwara, Mawanella +4.
Rain outlook (computer model) · Next day: Chance of a rare wet day
- Next day: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Yatinuwara, Mawanella +7 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 11 Nov, 05:30)
- Next 3 days: a chance of a wet day of the kind that comes about 1–2 days a month in Kandy Four Gravets & Gangawata Korale, Harispattuwa, Yatinuwara, Mawanella +10 (the wettest 5% of days there; several times the usual chance). (10 Nov, 05:30 to 13 Nov, 05:30)
- "Not signalled" never means dry or safe. This is a computer model, not a warning, and it never changes NBRI's levels. Like the satellite, it reads hill-country rain low and can miss heavy local downpours.
- ECMWF ensemble forecast (open data, CC BY 4.0), run 9 Nov, 17:30, compared with each division's own satellite record.
Weather forecast (Met Dept)
×No advisory for this road
- No Department of Meteorology advisory is in force for Kandy, Kegalle, Kurunegala and Gampaha.
- Forecast issued 10 Nov, 05:30
- Showers or thundershowers will occur at times in the Northern province and in Trincomalee district.
- Showers or thundershowers will occur elsewhere in the island after 1.00 p.m.
- Covers Kegalle, Kandy and Gampaha on this road: Heavy falls above 100mm are likely at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle and Matara districts.
- Showers may occur in the coastal areas of the Southern Province during the morning.
- The general public is kindly requested to take adequate precautions to minimize damage caused by temporary localized strong winds and lightning during thundershowers.
- Covers Kegalle, Kandy, Gampaha and Kurunegala on this road: Misty conditions can be expected at some places in Western, Sabaragamuwa, Central and Uva provinces and in Galle, Matara and Kurunegala districts during the early hours of the morning.
- Forecast for the main cities, Tuesday, 10 November 2026 (issued 9 Nov, 16:00)
- Kandy: Showers or thundershowers after 1.00p.m. Max 30°C, min 24°C.
- A forecast never lowers or replaces the NBRI landslide warning above.
- Forecast and advisories by the Department of Meteorology, Sri Lanka, as issued. LankaWatch is not an official service.
Rivers and catchments
×Crosses 13 named rivers · 3 basins · rain upstream of Mahaweli Ganga: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Mahaweli Ganga · Maha Oya · Attanagala Oya
River basins along this road
- km 0–18 · Mahaweli Ganga basin
- km 18–112 · Maha Oya basin
- km 112–117 · Attanagala Oya basin
Satellite rain over these basins
- Mahaweli Ganga basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Maha Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
- Attanagala Oya basin · Last 3 days: Unusual here (3 days a month)
A whole-basin satellite average against that basin’s own record since 2000, not the area upstream of any one point. Satellites under-read hill rain. Not a warning.
Where this road crosses a river or stream
- km 4–9 · Mahaweli Ganga · 5 crossings · flows north
1,175 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Peradeniya, an Irrigation Department gauge 5.2 km upstream (1,143 km² upstream · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)): 16 mm in the 24 hours to 10 Nov, 08:30 (Moderate); 0 mm in the 3 hours to 10 Nov, 09:01.
River level 3.55 m · Below Alert · falling over about 3 hours (Department’s thresholds: Alert 5, minor flood 7, major flood 9 m) - km 12–16 · Nanu Oya (Mahaweli Ganga basin) · 3 crossings · flows south-east
45 km² drain to this point - km 24–26 · Hingul Oya (Maha Oya basin) · 3 crossings · flows west
39 km² drain to this point - km 29 · Maha Oya · flows north
199 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month) - km 46 · Ambodeniya Ela (Maha Oya basin) · flows north-west
15 km² drain to this point - km 50 · Maha Oya · flows south-west
558 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month) - km 56–61 · Maha Oya · 6 crossings · flows west
657 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month) - km 58 · Ponagala Ela (Maha Oya basin) · flows west
669 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month) - km 62 · Poragaha Ela (Maha Oya basin) · flows south
4.9 km² drain to this point - km 67 · Meda Ela (Maha Oya basin) · flows west
4.8 km² drain to this point - km 67 · Goda Ela (Maha Oya basin)
4.8 km² drain to this point - km 71 · Kuda Oya (Maha Oya basin) · flows south-west
3.1 km² drain to this point - km 77 · Maha Oya · flows west
1,165 km² drain to this point · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)
Giriulla, an Irrigation Department gauge 0.3 km upstream (1,145 km² upstream · rain over that area, Last 3 days: Rare here (1–2 days a month)): at least 39.7 mm in the 24 hours to 10 Nov, 08:30 (1 hourly reading missing); 0 mm in the 3 hours to 10 Nov, 09:03.
River level 2.74 m · Below Alert · falling over about 3 hours (Department’s thresholds: Alert 5.5, minor flood 6.5, major flood 7.5 m) - km 87 · Weliblnda Ela (Maha Oya basin) · flows north
29 km² drain to this point - km 92 · Kuda Oya (Maha Oya basin) · flows north-west
17 km² drain to this point - km 101 · Dunagaha Ela (Attanagala Oya basin) · flows west
24 km² drain to this point - km 114 · Krmbulapitiya Oya (Attanagala Oya basin)
101 km² drain to this point
And 1 more unnamed stream on our map
Where this road runs beside a river
- km 24–25 · beside the Hingul Oya
- km 56–57 · beside the Maha Oya
- km 58–59 · beside the Maha Oya
- km 59–61 · beside the Maha Oya
Rivers and basins come from our own map of Sri Lanka’s river network. Flow direction, where shown, is worked out from the height of the land. This is orientation only, not a flood warning.
The area draining to a crossing is worked out from a terrain model (about 90 m cells) and is approximate. The rain over it is the satellite average for that same area, against its own record since 2000. Areas under about 150 km² are smaller than the satellite can see, so they show no rain.
River levels are the Irrigation Department’s own readings at its gauge, against its own thresholds. This is not a flood warning: flood warnings come from the Irrigation Department and DMC.